¿Los medios de comunicación persuaden políticamente a los ciudadanos? Un siglo de respuestas académicas

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3145/infonomy.23.007

Palabras clave:

Medios de comunicación, Persuasión política, Aguja hipodérmica, Bala mágica, Efectos limitados, Exposición selectiva, Flujo de comunicación en dos pasos, Teoría del cultivo, Espiral del silencio, Agenda setting, Priming, Framing, Encuadres

Resumen

Los medios de comunicación son una parte vital del proceso democrático, ya que ponen en contacto a la ciudadanía con las acciones de sus gobernantes y constituyen un foro de debate y formación de opiniones. Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones se asume que las audiencias son una tabula rasa, indefensa ante el poder persuasivo/manipulativo casi absoluto de los medios. Pero la realidad de los efectos de los medios sobre el público es bastante más compleja. A lo largo de estas páginas se resumen los principales paradigmas y teorías científicas que han tratado de explicar este asunto en los últimos cien años. El repaso comienza con los inicios precientíficos de la disciplina en los años veinte del siglo pasado, cuando se consideraba a los medios como actores todopoderosos con capacidad de manipular a las masas a su antojo. Unas décadas más tarde, el campo daría un giro hacia el paradigma contrario, según el cual los medios tendrían una capacidad persuasiva mínima o al menos limitada. En los años sesenta, con la llegada de la televisión, los científicos sociales retomaron la idea (matizada) de los efectos fuertes, pero esta vez con un mayor respaldo teórico y empírico. Para terminar, se explica cómo todos los aportes de las últimas ocho décadas sirven para explicar los efectos persuasivos de los medios en la situación actual, caracterizada por unas audiencias fragmentadas, la omnipresencia de internet y las redes sociales y la eclosión de la inteligencia artificial.

Biografía del autor/a

Alberto Ardèvol-Abreu, Universidad de La Laguna

Citas

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2023-08-26

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Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2023). ¿Los medios de comunicación persuaden políticamente a los ciudadanos? Un siglo de respuestas académicas. Infonomy, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/infonomy.23.007

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